Reviews Ipamorelin

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Ipamorelin references: every study cited, with identifiers.

The peer-reviewed literature behind this review, from the 1998 founding paper to 2026 narrative reviews.

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Every quantitative claim across this Ipamorelin review maps to a numbered entry below. Each carries a DOI, a PubMed (PMID) link, or a trial identifier so the source can be verified directly. The list spans the founding selectivity and pharmacokinetic work, the failed Phase 2 trial, the gut-ghrelin mechanism studies, and the most recent narrative reviews.

  1. Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. ↗
  2. Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. ↗
  3. Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. ↗
  4. Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. ↗
  5. Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. ↗
  6. Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. ↗
  7. Camilleri M. Future treatment of constipation-associated disorders: role of relamorelin and other ghrelin receptor agonists. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(3):334-345. ↗
  8. Ahnfelt-Ronne I, et al. Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? Endocrine. 2001;14(1):133-135. ↗
  9. Mohammadi EN, et al. Attenuation of visceral and somatic nociception by ghrelin mimetics. J Exp Pharmacol. 2020;12:267-274. ↗
  10. Camilleri M, et al. Actions and therapeutic pathways of ghrelin for gastrointestinal disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(6):343-352. ↗
  11. Krug O, et al. Analysis of new growth promoting black market products. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2018;41:1-6. ↗
  12. Gajda PM, et al. Glycine-modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material. Drug Test Anal. 2019;11(2):350-354. ↗
  13. Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. ↗
  14. Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. ↗
  15. Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. ↗
  16. Villegas Meza AD, et al. Injectable peptides in sports medicine: a structured narrative review of evidence, safety, and antidoping implications. JBJS Rev. 2026;14. ↗
  17. Rahman OF, et al. Therapeutic peptides in orthopaedics: applications, challenges, and future directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10. ↗
  18. Mavrych V, et al. Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging. Front Aging. 2026;7:1790247. ↗