# Ipamorelin References: The Cited Literature

> The full citation list behind this Ipamorelin evidence review — PubMed, DOI, and trial identifiers for every study referenced across the site.

The peer-reviewed literature behind this review, from the 1998 founding paper to 2026 narrative reviews.

## How to read this list

Every quantitative claim across this Ipamorelin review maps to a numbered entry below. Each carries a DOI, a PubMed (PMID) link, or a trial identifier so the source can be verified directly. The list spans the founding selectivity and pharmacokinetic work, the failed Phase 2 trial, the gut-ghrelin mechanism studies, and the most recent narrative reviews.

## References

[1] Raun K, Hansen BS, Johansen NL, Thogersen H, Madsen K, Ankersen M, Andersen PH. Ipamorelin, the first selective growth hormone secretagogue. Eur J Endocrinol. 1998;139(5):552-561. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9849822/
[2] Gobburu JV, Agerso H, Jusko WJ, Ynddal L. Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of ipamorelin, a growth hormone releasing peptide, in human volunteers. Pharm Res. 1999;16(9):1412-1416. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10496658/
[3] Beck DE, Sweeney WB, McCarter MD; Ipamorelin 201 Study Group. Prospective, randomized, controlled, proof-of-concept study of the ghrelin mimetic ipamorelin for the management of postoperative ileus in bowel resection patients. Int J Colorectal Dis. 2014;29(12):1527-1534. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25331030/
[4] Johansen PB, Nowak J, Skjaerbaek C, Flyvbjerg A, Andreassen TT, Wilken M, Orskov H. Ipamorelin, a new growth-hormone-releasing peptide, induces longitudinal bone growth in rats. Growth Horm IGF Res. 1999;9(2):106-113. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10373343/
[5] Lu Z, Ngan MP, Liu JYH, Yang L, Tu L, Chan SW, Giuliano C, Lovati E, Pietra C, Rudd JA. The growth hormone secretagogue receptor 1a agonists, anamorelin and ipamorelin, inhibit cisplatin-induced weight loss in ferrets: Anamorelin also exhibits anti-emetic effects via a central mechanism. Physiol Behav. 2024;284:114644. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39043357/
[6] Stokes AH, Falls JG, Yoon L, Cariello N, Faiola B, Colton HM, Jordan HL, Berridge BR. Integrated approach to early detection of cardiovascular toxicity induced by a ghrelin receptor agonist. Int J Toxicol. 2015;34(2):151-161. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25722321/
[7] Camilleri M. Future treatment of constipation-associated disorders: role of relamorelin and other ghrelin receptor agonists. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2017;23(3):334-345. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28238253/
[8] Ahnfelt-Ronne I, et al. Do growth hormone-releasing peptides act as ghrelin secretagogues? Endocrine. 2001;14(1):133-135. https://doi.org/10.1385/endo:14:1:133
[9] Mohammadi EN, et al. Attenuation of visceral and somatic nociception by ghrelin mimetics. J Exp Pharmacol. 2020;12:267-274. https://doi.org/10.2147/jep.s249747
[10] Camilleri M, et al. Actions and therapeutic pathways of ghrelin for gastrointestinal disorders. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2009;6(6):343-352. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrgastro.2009.72
[11] Krug O, et al. Analysis of new growth promoting black market products. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2018;41:1-6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ghir.2018.05.001
[12] Gajda PM, et al. Glycine-modified growth hormone secretagogues identified in seized doping material. Drug Test Anal. 2019;11(2):350-354. https://doi.org/10.1002/dta.2489
[13] Adeghate E, Ponery AS. Mechanism of ipamorelin-evoked insulin release from the pancreas of normal and diabetic rats. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2004;25(6):403-406. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15665799/
[14] Lall S, Tung LY, Ohlsson C, Jansson JO, Dickson SL. Growth hormone (GH)-independent stimulation of adiposity by GH secretagogues. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2001;280(1):132-138. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11162489/
[15] Lawrence CB, Snape AC, Baudoin FM, Luckman SM. Acute central ghrelin and GH secretagogues induce feeding and activate brain appetite centers. Endocrinology. 2002;143(1):155-162. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11751604/
[16] Villegas Meza AD, et al. Injectable peptides in sports medicine: a structured narrative review of evidence, safety, and antidoping implications. JBJS Rev. 2026;14. https://doi.org/10.2106/jbjs.rvw.26.00027
[17] Rahman OF, et al. Therapeutic peptides in orthopaedics: applications, challenges, and future directions. J Am Acad Orthop Surg Glob Res Rev. 2026;10. https://doi.org/10.5435/jaaosglobal-d-25-00236
[18] Mavrych V, et al. Therapeutic peptides in gerontology: mechanisms and applications for healthy aging. Front Aging. 2026;7:1790247. https://doi.org/10.3389/fragi.2026.1790247

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A long-form evidence review of the ipamorelin record read through its gut and appetite biology — the founding selectivity data weighed against the single failed human trial, and the word 'reviews' meaning only that the literature is appraised, never that a clinic, a vendor, or a prescription stands behind it.